GEO · Generative Engine Optimization
GEO: what it is and how to apply it
What we actually know about ranking in ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity, and the new AI-powered search experiences.
By the ArribaIA team · Updated
What is GEO?
It's not just about showing up in ChatGPT
GEO stands for Generative Engine Optimization: the set of actions aimed at increasing the chances that an organization, brand, product, or piece of content gets found, understood, selected, cited, or used by generative systems such as ChatGPT, Gemini, or Perplexity.
It's often summed up as "ranking in ChatGPT", but that oversimplifies things. Between a model knowing you exist and a user ending up on your website, there are several distinct steps, and each one depends on different factors.
The term coexists with AEO (Answer Engine Optimization), which in practice describes very similar techniques with a slightly different emphasis. If you want the full contrast between the two, we have an in-depth AEO vs GEO comparison.
From mention to conversion
- DiscoveredThe system knows your brand or your content exists.
- RetrievedYour content enters the pool of candidate sources for an answer.
- CitedThe system names you or links to you within the answer.
- InfluentialYour content shapes what the answer says, even without citing you.
- RecommendedThe system suggests you as an option to the person asking.
- ConversionThat person visits your website or contacts you.
From question to answer
What happens in between
Simplified as it is, this is the path a query follows before it becomes an answer. Not every system follows exactly the same steps.
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)
A technique that lets the model consult external sources before responding, instead of relying only on what it memorized during training.
Grounding
Anchoring an answer to real, verifiable sources, instead of generating it purely from what the model believes it remembers.
Query fan-out
The expansion of a single question into several related searches, to better cover the full intent behind what someone is asking.
ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity, and AI Overviews don't all work exactly alike: their sources, how they cite, and how much they rely on real-time search all vary.
- 01
Question
A person asks an AI assistant something.
- 02
Intent
The system interprets what that person actually needs.
- 03
Expansion
It may generate several related searches from that single question.
- 04
Retrieval
It searches for and retrieves possible sources that answer those searches.
- 05
Selection
It picks which fragments of those sources it will use.
- 06
Construction
It drafts an answer from the selected information.
- 07
Delivery
It shows the answer and, in some cases, citations or links.
SEO vs GEO
They're not rivals
Classic SEO is mainly about visibility in results and links. GEO adds one more question: what happens when that search becomes an answer drafted by a generative system. They're not two competing disciplines, they share the same foundation.
| Aspect | SEO | GEO |
|---|---|---|
| What it measures | Positions, clicks, and links in a results list. | Presence, citation, and influence within an already-drafted answer. |
| Where it plays out | Google results, maps, images, video. | ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity, AI Overviews, and AI Mode answers. |
| What content it rewards | Pages built for a search intent and well linked. | Clear, verifiable content that's easy to synthesize within an answer. |
| How success is measured | Ranking, organic traffic, clicks. | Mentions, citations, prominence, and traffic referred from assistants. |
Does GEO replace SEO?
No. Generative engines connected to the web often depend on retrieval systems, indexes, search engines, and quality signals that are part of technical SEO. A weak SEO foundation can directly limit whether content ever gets discovered by a generative experience.
AEO vs GEO: the full comparisonFrequently asked questions
What people ask most
What characteristics increase the chances of being used as a source?
There's no universal formula for word density, ideal length, or magic structure. What does help, with a bit of caution, is answering a specific intent directly instead of a generic topic.
It also helps to offer original information (direct experience, proprietary data, real examples and comparisons), define concepts clearly, show verifiable procedures, and keep content up to date.
On the technical side, it helps to use descriptive headings, make important information accessible in HTML (not only inside an image or a video), make crawling and indexing easy, and keep a consistent brand identity across every channel.
Why do external mentions matter?
A brand doesn't build authority just by saying positive things about itself. It's reinforced by specialized media, business associations, case studies published by real clients, trustworthy directories, interviews, and verifiable reviews.
Original research also helps when third parties cite it, along with professional collaborations and consistent business profiles across every directory and network. You can track all of this with our mention monitoring service.
This is different from buying links, generating spam, or fabricating artificial mentions: those tactics don't carry the same trust signal and can actually backfire, on top of exposing you to a direct penalty. We cover in detail what to avoid in bad backlink practices.
Do Schema, structured data, and llms.txt actually help?
With some nuance. Structured data (Schema.org) can help describe entities and qualify for certain search features, but it must always match the content visible on the page. There's no special Schema type that guarantees appearing in generative answers.
The llms.txt file is a plain text file some sites publish to describe their content to AI systems. It can be used as an experimental or complementary resource, but shouldn't be presented as a proven ranking factor: Google has explicitly stated it doesn't use it to improve visibility in its results.
Can you guarantee ChatGPT will recommend a business?
No, and anyone who promises that isn't being honest. A generative system's answers can vary by platform, model, date, location, conversation context, how the question is phrased, what sources are available at that moment, changes to the underlying indexes, personalization, and even some inherent randomness in the system.
GEO work isn't about locking in a single answer, it's about increasing probabilities, improving coverage of the questions relevant to your business, and measuring how that presence evolves over time.
How long does a GEO strategy take?
There's no honest universal timeline that can be given upfront. It depends on the site's technical state, the domain's existing authority, competition in the sector, the quality and originality of the content, how often the systems crawl your site, your presence across external sources, and how quickly the AI platforms themselves keep changing.
That's why it's worth treating it as an ongoing process rather than a project with a delivery date, and measuring it by trends over several weeks and months, not by a single favorable answer.
How is visibility in AI assistants measured?
Asking ChatGPT a question once and saving a favorable screenshot isn't enough: that's an anecdote, not a measurement. A serious measurement defines the questions relevant to the business, creates semantic variants of each one, evaluates several platforms (ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity, AI Overviews), and repeats the queries at different points in time.
From there, specific metrics get logged: mention rate, citation rate, prominence, accuracy, coverage, referred traffic, and conversion when observable, always compared against direct competitors and with each platform's limitations documented. That's exactly what we do in our mention monitoring service.
Does GEO replace SEO?
No. Generative engines connected to the web often depend on retrieval systems, indexes, search engines, and quality signals that are part of technical SEO. A weak SEO foundation can directly limit whether content ever gets discovered by a generative experience.
What should a business do first?
Before any advanced tactics, it's worth starting with an AI visibility audit: clearly defining what the business is, what it offers, and to whom; fixing crawling, indexing, and architecture errors; building pages that are genuinely useful for customers' main intents; and publishing original evidence (case studies, data, examples, real experience).
On top of that foundation is where it makes sense to work on legitimate external mentions, structured data, and a repeatable measurement system.
Measurement
How to measure GEO properly
Asking ChatGPT a question once and saving a favorable screenshot isn't enough. That's an anecdote, not a measurement.
- 01Define the questions relevant to the business.
- 02Create semantic variants of each question.
- 03Evaluate several platforms (ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity, AI Overviews).
- 04Repeat the queries at different points in time.
- 05Log mentions, position, sentiment, and citations.
- 06Analyze which sources each platform uses in its answers.
- 07Distinguish between presence, citation, and influence.
- 08Measure traffic and conversions when observable.
- 09Compare results against direct competitors.
- 10Document limitations and model changes between one measurement and the next.
| Metric | What it shows |
|---|---|
| Mention rate | In how many answers the brand appears. |
| Citation rate | In how many answers it appears as a linked source. |
| Prominence | How much weight it gets within the answer. |
| Accuracy | Whether the information shown about the brand is correct. |
| Coverage | In how many relevant intents it's present. |
| Referred traffic | Identifiable visits coming from AI assistants. |
| Conversion | Contacts or sales tied to those visits. |
Not every platform offers full information for measuring these results: some don't expose referral data, so presence has to be inferred through repeated queries.
What we know and what we don't
No magic formulas
What we know
- SEO is still an important foundation.
- Content needs to be crawlable and indexable.
- Topical relevance and usefulness are essential.
- Original, verifiable sources add value.
- Legitimate external mentions can reinforce authority.
- Clear structure makes information easier to locate.
- Results need to be measured through repeated queries.
What we still don't know
- A universal formula for showing up on every platform.
- The exact weight of each individual signal.
- How every internal model change affects results.
- Whether a one-off improvement will hold up long term.
- How to precisely attribute every conversion.
- Which current techniques will still work years from now.
First steps
What a business should do first
- 01Clearly define what the business is, what it offers, and to whom.
- 02Fix crawling, indexing, and architecture errors.
- 03Build on a CMS or architecture that delivers content already in the initial HTML, without relying on JavaScript.
- 04Create pages that are useful for customers' main intents.
- 05Publish original evidence: case studies, data, examples, and experience.
- 06Keep business profiles and local data up to date.
- 07Earn legitimate external mentions.
- 08Allow access to the relevant crawlers when appropriate.
- 09Set up analytics and a repeatable measurement system.
- 10Periodically review how AI assistants describe the brand.
- 11Improve based on results, without resorting to tricks.
ArribaIA methodology
What we do within a GEO strategy
Everything above translates into concrete work. This is what we do, connected to our services.
Sources
What we rely on
We always distinguish between a platform's official documentation, peer-reviewed academic studies, preprints not yet peer-reviewed, and professional observations or recommendations. A preprint is not the same as scientific consensus.
- Official documentation
Search Central: developer documentation
Google
Google's official guides on how crawling, indexing, and AI-based search features work, including AI Overviews and AI Mode.
developers.google.com/search/docs - Official documentation
OpenAI bot and agent documentation
OpenAI
Official documentation on ChatGPT Search and the agents that crawl and index content for OpenAI, including OAI-SearchBot.
platform.openai.com/docs/bots - Academic study
GEO: Generative Engine Optimization
Aggarwal, Murahari, Rajpurohit, Kalyan, Narasimhan, and Deshpande (Princeton)
The foundational paper that coined the term GEO and proposed an initial framework for measuring content visibility within generative answers. First published as a preprint in 2023 and later presented, peer-reviewed, at KDD 2024 (ACM SIGKDD).
arxiv.org/abs/2311.09735 - Preprint
From Citation Selection to Citation Absorption: A Measurement Framework for Generative Engine Optimization Across AI Search Platforms
Zhang, He, and Yao, 2026
Analysis of over 21,000 citations and 18,000 pages gathered from 602 questions across ChatGPT, Google AI Overviews/Gemini, and Perplexity, on the criteria generative systems use to choose and present their citations.
arxiv.org/abs/2604.25707
What does AI know about your business?
We analyze how your brand shows up in ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity, and Google, what sources are shaping their answer, and what you should improve first.